新编语言学导论【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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Introduction1

1 Linguistics and English linguistics1

2 Structure of the book2

Part Ⅰ Language System3

Overview3

Chapter One What Is Language?5

1.1 The nature of language5

1.1.1 Defining language5

1.1.2 The design features of language6

1.2 Distinctions between important concept pairs in linguistic study10

1.2.1 Synchronic and diachronic10

1.2.2 Langue and parole11

1.2.3 Competence and performance11

1.2.4 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic11

Summary12

Suggestions for study13

Questions and exercises13

Mini-research project14

Chapter Two Phonetics15

2.1 Speech organs15

2.2 Consonants and vowels16

2.2.1 The International Phonetic Alphabet16

2.2.2 Describing the English consonants17

2.2.3 Describing the English vowels23

Summary25

Suggestions for study26

Questions and exercises26

Mini-research project28

Chapter Three Phonology29

3.1 Important concepts in phonology29

3.1.1 Phonemes29

3.1.2 Minimal pairs and sets30

3.1.3 Phonemes,phones and allophones30

3.2 Identifying phonemes32

3.2.1 Environment and distribution32

3.2.2 Three types of distribution33

3.3 Sequences of phonemes35

3.4 Co-articulation effects36

3.4.1 Assimilation36

3.4.2 Elision37

3.5 Supra-segmental features37

3.5.1 Stress37

3.5.2 Tone and intonation38

3.5.3 Juncture39

Summary40

Suggestions for study41

Questions and exercises41

Mini-research project43

Chapter Four Morphology44

4.1 What is morphology?44

4.2 Morphemes45

4.3 Classifications of morphemes46

4.3.1 Roots and affixes46

4.3.2 Free morphemes and bound morphemes47

4.3.3 Prefixes,suffixes and infixes48

4.3.4 Inflectional and derivational affixes48

4.3.5 Root,base,and stem50

4.4 Morphemes,morphs and allomorphs51

4.5 Empty morph and zero morph52

4.6 Morphemic analysis54

4.7 The role of morphology in English57

4.7.1 Grammatical functions of inflectional morphology57

4.7.2 Derivational morphology and word-formation processes57

Summary62

Suggestions for study63

Questions and exercises64

Mini-research project66

Chapter Five Syntax67

5.1 Structural description of sentences67

5.1.1 Syntactic relations67

5.1.1.1 Sequential(syntagmatic)relations67

5.1.1.2 Substitutional(paradigmatic)relations68

5.1.1.3 Hierarchical relations69

5.1.2 Labeled IC analysis and the hierarchical structuring of English sentences71

5.2 Generation of sentences74

5.2.1 Surface structure and deep structure74

5.2.2 A general description of phrase structure rules(PS rules)77

5.2.2.1 Noun phrases and adjective phrases78

5.2.2.2 Verb phrases and auxiliary phrases78

5.2.3 Transformational rules82

5.2.3.1 T-Affix83

5.2.3.2 Passivization84

Summary86

Suggestions for study87

Questions and exercises88

Mini-research project90

Chapter Six Semantics91

6.1 What is meaning?91

6.2 Lexical semantics93

6.2.1 Componential analysis93

6.2.1.1 What is componential analysis?93

6.2.1.2 General and specific semantic features94

6.2.1.3 Redundant semantic features94

6.2.1.4 Semantic classes95

6.2.2 Semantic field95

6.2.2.1 What is a semantic field?95

6.2.2.2 Sense relationships96

6.2.3 Lexical ambiguity100

6.2.3.1 Polysemy100

6.2.3.2 Homonymy100

6.2.4 Collocations in English101

6.3 Sentence semantics102

6.3.1 What is essential for determining sentence meaning?103

6.3.2 Semantic roles104

6.3.3 Grammatical functions and semantic roles106

6.3.4 Semantic anomaly107

Summary108

Suggestions for study109

Questions and exercises110

Mini-research project114

Part Ⅱ Language Use115

Overview115

Chapter Seven General Principles of Communication117

7.1 The Cooperative Principle117

7.1.1 The four maxims of the Cooperative Principle118

7.1.2 Violation of the maxims and conversational implicature120

7.2 The Politeness Principle123

7.3 The Principle of Relevance125

7.3.1 The basic principle125

7.3.2 Contextual effects and processing effort126

7.3.3 Optimal relevance127

Summary128

Suggestions for study129

Questions and exercises130

Mini-research project131

Chapter Eight Intercultural Communication132

8.1 Important concepts132

8.1.1 What is culture?132

8.1.2 What is communication?134

8.1.3 What is intercultural communication?134

8.2 Language and culture135

8.2.1 The impact of language on culture136

8.2.2 The impact of culture on language137

8.2.2.1 Impact at the lexical level137

8.2.2.2 Impact at the discourse level137

8.3 Diverse intercultural communication patterns138

8.3.1 Low-context and high-context communication138

8.3.2 Direct and indirect verbal communication140

8.3.3 Person-oriented and status-oriented verbal communication141

8.3.4 Self-enhancement and self-effacement communication141

8.4 Potential problems in intercultural communication142

8.4.1 Seeking similarities142

8.4.2 Stereotyping143

8.4.3 Prejudice144

8.4.4 Ethnocentrism144

8.4.5 Culture shock145

Summary146

Suggestions for study147

Questions and exercises148

Mini-research project150

Chapter Nine Language Variety151

9.1 Language—dialect—regional dialect—social dialect152

9.1.1 Language and dialect152

9.1.2 Regional dialects152

9.1.3 Social dialects153

9.2 Lingua franca—pidgin—creole154

9.2.1 Lingua franca154

9.2.2 Pidgin154

9.2.3 Creole155

9.3 Style—genre—taboo—euphemism155

9.3.1 Style155

9.3.2 Genre157

9.3.3 Taboo158

9.3.4 Euphemism159

9.4 Gender and language use160

Summary161

Suggestions for study162

Questions and exercises162

Mini-research project163

Part Ⅲ Language Learning165

Overview165

Chapter Ten Major Issues in SLA167

10.1 Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis167

10.2 Error Analvsis168

10.3 The Interlanguage Hypothesis170

10.4 The Monitor Model171

10.5 The Output Hypothesis173

10.6 The Open-Choice Principle and the Idiom Principle174

Summary176

Suggestions for study177

Questions and exercises177

Mini-research project178

Chapter Eleven Factors Affecting Second Language Learning179

11.1 Factors not easily modified by learners179

11.1.1 Anxiety179

11.1.2 Inhibition and risk-taking180

11.1.3 Extroversion/Introversion181

11.2 Factors easily modified by learners183

11.2.1 Motivation and attitudes183

11.2.2 Self-esteem184

11.2.3 Learner strategies185

11.2.3.1 Language learning strategies185

11.2.3.2 Language use strategies186

11.2.3.3 Differences between effective and inefiective learners188

Summary197

Suggestions for study198

Questions and exercises198

Mini-research project199

Chapter Twelve Developing an Intercultural Communicative Competence200

12.1 A brief review of current models of second language competence200

12.2 Why are current models inadequate?201

12.3 A model of intercultural communicative competence204

12.4 Intercultural competence in communicative language use205

Summary207

Suggestions for study208

Questions and exercises208

Mini-research project209

References210