INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CORE INTERNATIONAL CRIMES【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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Part Ⅰ-General3

1 Introduction3

1.1 Opening Remarks and Objectives3

1.2 Overview and Target Audience8

2 Germane Considerations11

2.1 Introductory Remarks11

2.2 Meaning of'Individually Criminally Responsible'12

2.3 Objectives of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes15

2.4 Sources of, and Judicial Precedent in, International Criminal Law27

2.4.1 Introductory Remarks27

2.4.2 General Sources of International Criminal Law29

2.4.2.1 Treaties31

2.4.2.2 Custom32

2.4.2.3 General Principles of Law Recognised by Civilised Nations34

2.4.2.4 Judicial Decisions35

2.4.2.5 Teachings of the Most Highly Qualified Publicists42

2.4.3 Sources of International Criminal Law Relevant to Adjudication Before the ICC and the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals43

2.4.3.1 ICC44

2.4.3.2 Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals47

2.4.3.3 Significance of the ICC, ICTY and ICTR Statutes other than as a Binding Source of Law47

2.4.4 Evaluation of other Potential Sources of International Criminal Law48

2.4.4.1 Nuremberg Principles48

2.4.4.2 Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind48

2.4.4.3 CCL 1049

2.4.4.4 Resolutions of the UN General Assembly and UN Security Council50

2.4.4.5 Reports of the International Law Commission50

2.4.5 Judicial Precedent and the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals, the ICC and the SCSL50

2.4.5.1 Judicial Precedent and the Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals and the SCSL51

2.4.5.2 Judicial Precedent and the ICC55

2.4.5.3 Conclusion56

2.4.6 Concluding Remarks56

2.5 Definition of Core International Crimes56

2.5.1 Introductory Remarks56

2.5.2 Definition of 'Core International Crimes'57

2.5.3 Core International Crimes for which a Person can be Individually Criminally Responsible61

2.5.3.1 Genocide62

2.5.3.2 War Crimes64

2.5.3.3 Crimes Against Humanity72

2.6 Evolution of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes85

2.6.1 Introductory Remarks85

2.6.2 Evolution of the Concept of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes in International Law86

2.6.2.1 Pre-Nuremberg and Tokyo87

2.6.2.2 Nuremberg and Tokyo up to the 1990s98

2.6.2.3 Post Nuremberg and Tokyo105

2.6.2.4 ICTY and Beyond113

2.6.2.5 Conclusion123

Part Ⅱ-Selected Pertinent Issues127

3 The Joint Criminal Enterprise Doctrine: A "monster theory of liability" or a legitimate and satisfactory tool in the prosecution of the perpertrators of core international crimes?127

3.1 Introduction and Overview127

3.2 Terminology130

3.3 History132

3.4 The JCED Before the Ad Hoc Tribunals and as Contained in Other Instruments136

3.4.1 ICTY136

3.4.1.1 Tadic Appeals Judgment137

3.4.1.2 Application of the Principles Identified in the Tadic Appeals Judgment148

3.4.2 ICTR163

3.4.3 ICC167

3.4.3.1 Observations to Article 25(3)(d), ICC Statute168

3.4.3.2 Future Employment of the JCED Before the ICC177

3.4.4 Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind178

3.4.5 Special Court for Sierra Leone178

3.4.6 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal180

3.4.7 US Military Commission180

3.5 Distinguishing the JCE Concept from Other Modes of Liability/Crimes182

3.5.1 Relevance of Making the Distinction182

3.5.2 Aiding and Abetting183

3.5.3 Conspiracy184

3.5.4 Membership of a Criminal Organisation188

3.6 Issues Arising in Relation to the JCED from a Review of the JCED Jurisprudence193

3.6.1 Is The JCE Mode of Liability a Form of Principal or Accomplice Liability?193

3.6.1.1 Significance of Classification194

3.6.1.2 Jurisprudence Supporting the Position that JCE Liability is a Form of Principal Liability198

3.6.1.3 Jurisprudence Supporting the Position that JCE Liability is a Form of Accomplice Liability202

3.6.1.4 Jurisprudence Supporting the Position that JCE Liability is Both a Form of Principal and Accomplice Liability203

3.6.1.5 Employment of Terminology211

3.6.2 Genocide and JCE Category 3212

3.6.2.1 Case Law213

3.6.2.2 Criticism of the Brdanin Appeals Decision216

3.6.3 The Pleading of the JCE Mode of Liability in Indictments218

3.6.3.1 Relevant Provisions of the ICTY Statute, ICTY Rules and Rules Arising From the Case Law of the ICTY,in Relation to the Form of Indictments219

3.6.3.2 Blanket Pleading of All Modes of Responsibility Under Article 7(1)ICTY Statute221

3.6.3.3 Revealing the Nature of the Alleged Individual Criminal Responsibility of the Accused in the Prpsecution's Pre-Trial Brief227

3.6.3.4 JCE Specifically Charged, but not Specified which JCE Category is Being Charged229

3.6.3.5 Permissibility of Charging Under Alternative Categories of JCE Liability233

3.6.3.6 Concluding Remarks234

3.7 Critique of the JCED234

3.7.1 Pertinent Issues235

3.7.1.1 Rationale of the JCED235

3.7.1.2 Undermining the Principle of Individual Criminal Responsibility in Favour of Collective Responsibility236

3.7.1.3 Infringement of the Nullum Crimen Sine Lege Principle238

3.7.1.4 JCE Scenarios Already Covered by Aiding and Abetting?242

3.7.1.5 Principal/Accomplice Debate245

3.7.1.6 Genocide and JCE Category 3247

3.7.1.7 Pleading of the JCED in Indictments248

3.7.1.8 Significant Level of Participation of the Accused in the JCE250

3.7.1.9 The Application of the JCED to the 'Little Fish'253

3.7.1.10 The ICC and the JCE Mode of Liability255

3.7.2 Conclusion258

4 The Defining Criteria of International Criminal Courts for the Purposes of Lifting State Official Immunity263

4.1 Introduction263

4.2 Scope, Aim and Overview267

4.3 Terminology270

4.4 Yerodia Case271

4.5 Defining Criteria of an International Criminal Judicial Body273

4.5.1 Introduction273

4.5.2 Defining Criteria of an International Judicial Body273

4.5.3 Jurisprudence and Literature on the Defining Criteria of an International Criminal Judicial Body277

4.5.3.1 Amicus Curiae Brief of Professor Philippe Sands278

4.5.3.2 Amicus Curiae Brief of Professor Diane F.Orentlicher281

4.5.3.3 SCSL Appeals Chamber's Taylor Decision283

4.5.4 Defining Criteria of an International Criminal Judicial Body284

4.5.4.1 Introduction284

4.5.4.2 Legal Basis of an International Criminal Judicial Body285

4.5.4.3 An International Criminal Judicial Body may not be Part of the Judiciary of One Single State317

4.5.4.4 An International Criminal Judicial Body Shall Apply International Criminal Law317

4.5.4.5 The Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae and Ratione Personae of the International Criminal Judicial Body Must be International318

4.5.4.6 The Decisions of the International Criminal Judicial Body are Binding320

4.5.4.7 The Judiciary of an International Criminal Judicial Body is Impartial, Independent and International320

4.5.4.8 The Judiciary must not have been Appointed Ad Hoc by the Parties321

4.5.4.9 Adjudication According to a Pre-Determined Set of Rules of Procedure and Evidence, which cannot be Modified by the Parties321

4.5.4.10 Relationship with the Domestic Courts of a state:Concurrent/Primacy or Complementarity Jurisdiction322

4.5.4.11 Independent Financing of the International Criminal Judicial Body323

4.5.4.12 Fulfilment of the Criteria Associated with Classical International Organisations324

4.5.4.13 Existence of Chapter VII Powers324

4.5.4.14 Intention of the Parties to Establish an International Criminal Judicial Body326

4.5.4.15 Designation of a Judicial Body as International327

4.5.4.16 Express Lifting of Immunity from Prosecution for Core International Crimes327

4.5.4.17 Does an International Criminal Judicial Body have to be Permanent?328

4.5.4.18 Jurisdiction Between States and the Equality of the Parties328

4.5.4.19 The International Criminal Judicial Body shall have Jurisdiction only in Cases in which the Parties, Either in General, or by Special Agreement have Accepted the Jurisdiction of the Tribunal330

4.5.4.20 Other Potential Criteria/Indicia of an International Criminal Judicial Body330

4.5.5 Summary of the Fundamental and Indicative Criteria of an International Criminal Judicial Body332

4.6 Analysis of Hybrid Criminal Judicial Bodies334

4.6.1 Introduction334

4.6.2 Analysis334

4.6.2.1 Special Court for Sierra Leone334

4.6.2.2 Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of Cambodia339

4.6.2.3 Special Panels for Serious Crimes of the District Court of Dili(East Timor)341

4.6.2.4 'Regulation 64' Panels of Kosovo343

4.6.2.5 War Crimes Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia and Herzeggovina345

4.6.2.6 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal347

4.6.2.7 Special Tribunal for Lebanon350

4.6.3 Conclusion354

4.7 Final Note354

4.8 Conclusion357

5 Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism as a Crime Against Humanity: An Appropriate Expansive Adaptation of the Subject Matter of Core International Crimes?359

5.1 Introduction and Overview359

5.2 Clarification361

5.3 Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism: Defining the Categories of Criminalisation363

5.4 Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism, as a Distinct Crime.363

5.5 Individual Criminal Responsibility for Certain Manifestations of Terrorism375

5.6 Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism, as a War Crime375

5.7 Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism, as Genocide376

5.8 Individual Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism, as a Crime Against Humanity376

5.8.1 History of the Crime of Terrorism and the ICC Statute379

5.8.1.1 1994 Draft Definition of the International Law Commission379

5.8.1.2 1996 Preparatory Committee Session381

5.8.1.3 1997 Definition of the Preparatory Committee's Working Group382

5.8.1.4 1998 Rome Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court383

5.8.1.5 End Result384

5.8.2 Terrorism, as a Crime Against Humanity in Accordance with the ICC Statute and/or under General International Law?385

5.8.2.1 Literal Interpretation of Article 7 of the ICC Statute385

5.8.2.2 Indicia that Militate Against the Inclusion of Terrorism Perpetrated by Individuals Within the Scope of Article 7 of the ICC Statute389

5.8.2.3 Indicia that Acts of Terrorism Fall Outside the Scope of Crimes Against Humanity in General International Law391

5.8.3 Conclusion392

5.9 Other Issues Relating to the Prosecution of Terrorism Before the ICC396

5.9.1 Additional Obstacles to the Prosecution of Terrorism Before the ICC397

5.9.1.1 Jurisdictional Obstacles397

5.9.1.2 Obstacle of Complementarity398

5.9.1.3 Other Obstacles399

5.9.2 Should Terrorism Fall Within the Jurisdiction of the ICC?400

5.9.3 Conclusion401

5.10 Appropriate Expansive Adaptation of Core International Crimes?402

6 Summary405

6.1 Introduction405

6.2 Summary405

6.3 Significance of Conclusions411

Bibliography413

Jurisprudence439

Index453