DISPUTE SETTLEMENT REPORTS 2008 VOLUME 11【2025|PDF下载-Epub版本|mobi电子书|kindle百度云盘下载】

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Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION3914

A. Request for Consultations and Request for the Establishment of a Panel3914

B. Establishment and Composition of the Panel3914

C. Panel Proceedings3915

Ⅱ. FACTUAL ASPECTS3916

A. History of the Dispute3916

B. Measure at Issue3918

Ⅲ.PARTIES’ REQUESTS FOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS3918

Ⅳ. ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES3919

A. Introduction3919

B. Parties’ Requests and Arguments on Opening the Panel Meeting for Public Observation3919

1. Arguments of the European Communities3920

（a） Whether panels are permitted to open hearings under Article 12 （including Appendix 3）， Articles 14.1 and 17.10 of the DSU3920

（b） Legal implications of open hearings on covered persons under the Rules of Conduct3921

（c） Systemic and political impact of opening hearings3921

（d） What procedures can be adopted to protect confidential information in an open hearing3922

2. Arguments of the United States3922

（a） Whether panels are permitted to open hearings under Article 12 （including the Appendix 3）， Articles 14.1 and 17.10 of the DSU3922

（b） Legal implications of open hearings on covered persons under the Rules of Conduct3923

（c） Systemic and political impact of opening hearings3924

（d） What procedures can be adopted to protect confidential information in an open hearing3925

C. First Written Submission of the European Communities3925

1. Introduction3925

2. Factual aspects3925

3. Legal arguments： Part - Violation of Articles 23， 21.5， 22.8 and 3.7 of the DSU and Articles Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the GATT3926

（a） The structure of Article 23 of the DSU3926

（b） Applicability of Article 23 - Article 23.1 of the DSU： Seeking the redress of a WTO violation3926

（c） Violation of Articles 23.2（a） and 21.5 and of Article 23.1 of the DSU3927

（d） The United States’ continued suspension of concessions and related obligations is in violation of Article 23.1， read together with Articles 22.8 and 3.7 of the DSU3929

（e） The United States is in violation of Article Ⅰ：1 of the GATT 1994 because of the continued suspension of concessions and related obligations3934

（f） The United States is acting inconsistently with Article Ⅱ of the GATT by the continued application of countermeasures on products originating in the European Communities3935

4. Legal Arguments： Part Ⅱ- Conditional claim in the event that the Panel does not find any violation of Article 23 of the DSU as set out in Part Ⅰ3935

（a） The United States is violating Article 22.8 of the DSU because the measure found to be inconsistent has been removed by the European Communities3935

（b） The United States is in violation of Articles Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the GATT 1994 following the continued application of suspension of concessions3937

D. First Written Submission of the United States3937

1. Introduction3937

2. Factual background3938

（a） The six hormones used for growth promotion purposes3939

3. Legal arguments3940

（b） The EC has failed to demonstrate that the United States has breached DSU Article 22.8 because the EC has neither demonstrated that it has “removed” the WTO-inconsistencies of the original hormones ban， nor demonstrated how the amended ban has provided a solution to the nullification or impairment of benefits to the United States3941

（c） The EC has failed to demonstrate that its amended import ban on meat and meat products treated with hormones for growth promotion purposes is WTO-consistent3942

（d） The United States has not breached any other WTO obligations by continuing to suspend concessions to the EC3944

（i） The United States continues to satisfy its obligations under Article 23 of the DSU3944

（ii） The US suspension of concessions does not breach Articles 23.2（a）， 21.5 and 23.1 of the DSU3945

（iii） The United States has not violated Article 23.1 of the DSU， read together with Articles 22.8 and 3.7 of the DSU3947

（iv） The United States has not breached its obligations under Article Ⅰ or Ⅱ of the GATT 19943948

4. Conclusion3948

E. Oral statement of the european communities during the first substantive meeting3948

1. Introduction3948

2. Seeking redress - Article 23.13948

3. Article 23.2（a） of the DSU in conjunction with Article 21.5 of the DSU3949

4. Article 23.1 in conjunction with Articles 22.8 and 3.73950

5. Concluding statement of the European Communities3954

F. Oral statement of the united states during the first substantive meeting3957

1. Introduction3957

2. The European Communities’ amended ban3957

3. The six hormones used for growth promotion purposes according to good veterinary practices3958

4. The EC’s assertion of its own compliance3959

5. Burden of proof3959

6. “Presumption of good faith”3960

7. The EC’s interpretation of the DSU3960

（a） Article 21.53960

（b） Article 233961

8. Conclusion3962

9. Concluding statement of the United States3962

G. Second written submission of the european communities3967

1. Introduction3967

2. PART 1： Violation of Articles 23.1， 23.2（a）， 21.5 and 22.8 of the DSU （systemic issues）3967

（a） The United States is in violation of Article 23.1 and 23.2（a） read together with Article 21.53967

（b） The United States’ continued suspension of concessions and related obligations is in violation of Article 23.1， read together with Articles 22.8 and 3.73971

3. PART 2： The WTO-consistency of the EC compliance measure3972

（b） Article 5.7 of the SPS Agreement3973

（c） Article 5.1 of the SPS Agreement3977

（d） Article 3.3 of the SPS Agreement3978

H. Second written submission of the united states3978

1. Introduction3978

2. Legal arguments3979

（a） The EC has failed to demonstrate a US breach of DSU Articles 21.5， 22.8 or 233979

（b） The EC has neither removed its WTO- inconsistent bans nor provided a solution to US nullification or impairment within the meaning of Article 22.8 of the DSU3982

（i） The EC has failed to demonstrate that its import ban is a provisional measure within the meaning of SPS Article 5.73982

（ii） The EC has failed to base its import ban on meat from cattle treated with oestradiol-17β for growth promotion purposes according to good veterinary practices on a risk assessment within the meaning of SPS Article 5.13984

（iii） The EC fails to demonstrate that there is a risk of failure of controls or failure to satisfy good veterinary practices3986

3. Conclusion3989

I. Oral statement of the european communities on experts opinions during the second substantive meeting3989

J. Oral statement of the united states on experts opinions during the second substantive meeting3997

K. Oral statement of the european communities on legal issues during the second substantive meeting4002

1. Introduction4002

2. Article 5.1 of the SPS Agreement4003

3. Article 3.3 of the SPS Agreement4005

4. Article 5.7 of the SPS Agreement4006

5. Article 5.5 of the SPS Agreement4006

6. Conclusion on the SPS Agreement4006

7. Concluding statement of the European Communities4007

（a） Introduction4007

（b） The scientific debate4008

（c） The context of the scientific debate4011

（d） Conclusion4014

L. Oral statement of the united states on legal issues during the second substantive meeting4014

1. Oral statement4014

2. Concluding statement by the United States4018

Ⅴ. ARGUMENTS OF THE THIRD PARTIES4020

A. Australia4020

1. Introduction4020

2. Opening Panel meetings for public observation4020

3. Whether the DSB authorization remains in effect4020

4. Article 21.5 of the DSU4021

B. Brazil4023

1. Introduction4023

2. Opening Panel meetings for public observation4023

3. Whether the DSB authorization remains in effect4024

4. Article 21.5 of the DSU4025

5. Burden of proof4025

C. Canada4026

1. Introduction4026

2. Opening Panel meetings for public observation4026

D. China4027

1. Introduction4027

2. Opening Panel meetings for public observation4027

3. The current status of the DSB authorized suspension of concessions4027

4. Article 21.5 of the DSU and burden of proof4029

5. Article 23.2 of the DSU4031

E. India4033

1. Introduction4033

2. Opening Panel meetings for public observation4033

F. Mexico4035

1. Introduction4035

2. Opening Panel meetings for public observation4035

3. Whether the DSB authorization remains in effect4036

4. Article 21.5 of the DSU4036

G. New Zealand4037

1. Introduction4037

2. Opening Panel meetings for public observation4037

3. Whether the DSB authorization remains in effect4037

4. Articles 21.5， 22.8 and 23 of the DSU4038

5. Burden of proof4040

6. Article 5.7 of the SPS Agreement4041

7. Article 5.1 of the SPS Agreement4043

H. Norway4046

1. Opening Panel meetings for observation by the public4046

2. Whether the DSB authorization remains in effect4046

3. Article 21.5 of the DSU4048

I. Separate customs territory of taiwan， penghu， kinmen and matsu4050

1. Introduction4050

2. Opening Panel meetings for public observation4050

3. Whether the DSB authorization remains in effect4051

4. Article 21.5 of the DSU4052

5. The relationship between DSU Article 22.8 and Article 234053

Ⅵ. INTERIM REVIEW4055

A. Introduction4055

B. Parties’ comments on the descriptive part4057

C. parties’ comments regarding the findings of the Panel4059

1. Preliminary remarks4059

2. Parties’ requests for review related to aspects of the report on procedural issues4060

（a） Comments by the European Communities4060

（b） Comments by the United States4065

3. Comments of the parties regarding the Panel’s findings of violation of Article 23.2（a） read together with Articles 21.5 and 23.1 of the DSU and on the EC claims on Article 23.1， read together with Articles 22.8 and 3.7 of the DSU4067

（a） Comments by the European Communities4067

（b） Comments by the United States4069

4. Comments of the parties on the compliance of the EC ban on meat and meat products treated with the six hormones at issue for growth promotion purposes with the SPS Agreement in relation to the Panel’s findings on the EC claims on Article 23.1， read together with Articles 22.8 and 3.7 of the DSU4072

（a） Comments by the European Communities4073

（i） Introductory comments4073

（ii） General comments on the Panel’s analysis regarding oestradiol-17β4081

（iii） Comments on “risk assessment techniques”4082

（iv） Assessment of the scientific arguments4085

（v） Comments on the Panel analysis regarding the other five hormonal substances4095

（b） Comments by the United States4109

Ⅶ.FINDINGS4111

A. Procedural issues4111

1. Opening of the Panel meetings with the parties and experts for public observation4111

（a） Introduction4111

（b） Summary of the main arguments of the parties4111

（c） Summary of the arguments of the third parties4114

（d） Decision of the Panel4118

2. Panel’s decisions relating to the consultation of individual scientific experts and international organizations4123

（a） Decision to consult scientific experts4123

（b） EC request for a single expert review group4125

（c） Experts selection process4128

3. Other procedural issues4136

（a） Request by the European Communities that relevant scientific evidence and data be provided by the United States4136

（b） Request by the United States to exclude materials not cited in the EC risk assessment as well as those published after the completion of its risk assessment by the European Communities and the adoption of the ban4139

（c） A new version of Exhibit EC-107， submitted by the European Communities on 29 May 20064142

（d） Procedure for allowing the parties to comment on each other’s replies to questions after the second Panel meeting4142

（e） Request by the European Communities to be allowed to correct factual errors allegedly contained in the other party’s comments on its replies to questions following the second Panel meeting4143

（f） Request by the European Communities for tape recordings of the transcript of the Panel meeting with scientific experts4144

4. Scope of the Panel’s mandate4150

（a） The measure at issue and the claims of the European Communities4150

（b） Are the indications provided by the European Communities on how it wants its claims to be addressed part of the mandate of the Panel？4152

（c） Meaning of ”read together with“ and ”in conjunction with” in the EC submissions4154

（d） Conclusion4156

5. Approach of the Panel on the basis of its mandate4156

B. First series of EC claims： violation of Article 23.2（a） read together with Articles 21.5 and 23.14158

1. Summary of the main arguments of the parties4158

2. Reasoning of the Panel4162

（a） Introduction4162

（b） “[S]eeking the redress of a violation of obligations or other nullification or impairment of benefits under the covered agreements” （Article 23.1 of the DSU）4163

（c） Violation of Article 23.2（a）4166

（i） Introduction4166

（ii） Did the United States make a determination that the EC implementing measure violates the WTO Agreement？4167

（iii） Did the United States fail to make such determination through recourse to dispute settlement in accordance with the rules and procedures of the DSU？4174

（iv） Did the United States fail to make any such determination consistent with the findings contained in the panel or Appellate Body report adopted by the DSB or an arbitration award rendered under the DSU？4174

（v） Conclusion4175

（d） Violation of Article 21.5 of the DSU4175

（e） Violation of Article 23.1 of the DSU4176

3. Conclusion4176

C. Second series of EC claims： violation of Article 23.1， read together with Articles 22.8 and 3.7 of the DSU4176

1. Summary of the main arguments of the parties4176

2. Approach of the Panel4180

（a） Duty of the Panel to make an objective assessment of the matter before it4180

（b） Order of review of the second series of main claims by the European Communities4182

3. Violation of Article 22.8 of the DSU4183

（a） Preliminary remarks4183

（b） Jurisdiction of the Panel4185

（i） Introduction4185

（ii） Does the Panel need to determine whether the EC implementing measure actually complies with the SPS Agreement in order to address the EC claim of violation of Article 23.1 read together with Article 22.8 and Article 3.7 of the DSU？4186

（iii） Conclusion4201

（iv） Does the Panel have jurisdiction to address the compliance of the EC implementing measure with the SPS Agreement？4203

（c） Burden of proof4209

（d） Compartbility of the EC implementing measure with the provisions of the SPS Agreement4211

（i） The EC implementing measure4211

（ii） Scope of the Panel review4216

（iii） Standard applicable to the review of the compatibility of the EC implementing measure with the SPS Agreement4219

（iv） Whether the EC implementing measure is an SPS measure4224

（e） Compatibility of the EC implementing measure with Article 5.1 and Article 5.2 of the SPS Agreement with respect to oestradiol- 17β4226

（i） Introduction4226

（ii） Is there a risk assessment within the meaning of Article 5.1 of the SPS Agreement？4228

（iii） Is the measure “based on” a risk assessment？4265

（iv） Conclusion4267

（f） Compatibility of the EC implementing measure with Article 5.7 of the SPS Agreement4267

（i） Introduction4267

（ii） Summary of the main arguments of the parties4267

（iii） Approach of the Panel4269

（iv） When will “relevant scientific evidence“ be deemed ”insufficient”？4273

（v） Alleged insufficiencies which should be addressed by the Panel4289

（vi） Issues common to all five hormones for which evidence was not provided on a hormone-specific basis4292

（vii） Is relevant scientific evidence insufficient in the case of progesterone？4312

（viii） Is relevant scientific evidence insufficient in the case of testosterone？4317

（ix） Is relevant scientific evidence insufficient in the case of trenbolone acetate？4321

（x） Is relevant scientific evidence insufficient in the case of zeranol？4328

（xi） Is relevant scientific evidence insufficient in the case of melengestrol acetate （MGA）？4335

（xii） Conclusion4342

（g） Compatibility of the EC implementing measure with Article 3.3 of the SPS Agreement with respect to all hormones at issue with the exception of melengestrol acetate4344

（h） Conclusion on Article 22.8 of the DSU4346

4. Violation of Articles 23.1 and 3.7 of the DSU4347

D. Violation of Article Ⅰ.1 and Article Ⅱ of the GATT 19944347

E. Conditional claim of violation of Article 22.8 of the DSU made in the alternative4347

F. Conclusion4348

Ⅷ.RECOMMENDATIONS4348